ELA 20-1 How to Develop and Write an Analytic Essay
Argument: Writing
an analytic essay requires that you make some sort of argument. The core of
this argument is called a thesis. It is your claim, succinctly stated in a
single sentence. Make a pervasive, persistent case that a certain thing is true
about a piece (or pieces) of literature. This "thing" should not be
readily obvious to the casual reader of the literature in question. It is what
you draw out of the book or essay, how you interpret it. It is a claim that must be
supported by specific evidence from the text.
Thesis statement: Decide what the point of your essay will
be: this will be your thesis. Is your proposition both arguable and reasonable?
If it is obvious (Macbeth and Jack, from
Lord of the Flies, want to be leaders.) you don’t have an argument.
Argument requires analysis (taking things apart and explaining them). One test
that may help is asking yourself what the opposite "side" of your
argument would be. A good, complicated thesis is that "Although both Macbeth and Jack, from Lord of the Flies, seize
power, it is evident that neither of them have the necessary qualities for
effective leadership."
One useful structure for
writing thesis statements is the "although" form used above:
"Although x seems to be true
about this piece of literature, y is
in fact more true (or makes our
thinking about x more
complex)." In this form you present both sides of your argument at once
and show which side you’re on. Your job in the paper is to convince your reader
to join you. Another way to write an effective thesis statement is to use the
form "If we look closely at x (the
qualities of leadership) we discover y (that Macbeth and Jack do not have these
qualities).
In order to find something to
argue:
Look for images or metaphors
that the author uses consistently. What other sort of pattern can you identify
in the text? How do you interpret this pattern so that your reader will
understand the book, movie, poem, or play better?
What philosophical, moral, or
ethical ideas is the author advocating or opposing? What are the consequences
of accepting the author's argument?
Explain how the work functions
as a piece of rhetoric -- how does
the author attempt to convince his or her reader of something? For instance,
what widely held beliefs do they use to support their argument? How do they
appeal to emotions, logic?
Re-examine something that the
text or most readers take for granted (that Macbeth and Jack were evil).
Question this major premise and see where it takes you
Ask yourself if an author’s
literary argument is inconsistent with itself or is in some way philosophically
"dangerous," inadequate, unethical, or misleading.
Examine how characters are
presented in a story. How do they help the main character to develop? Which
characters are trustworthy? Which are not? Why are they presented this way?
What counts as evidence?
Structure: How the parts of the book or essay
follow one another; how the parts are assembled to make a whole? Why does the
author start where they start, end where they end? What is the logical
progression of thought? How might that progression be intended to affect the
reader? What effect might this progression of ideas have on a generic reader or
on a reader from the time period in which the work was written? Does the piece
move from the general to the specific or vice versa?
Referring to the text: In writing analytic papers that address
any kind of literature, it is necessary to refer to the text (the specific
words on the page of the book) in order to support your argument. This means
that you must quote and interpret passages that demonstrate or
support your argument. Quotation is usually stronger than paraphrase. Remember
also that your purpose in writing an essay is not merely to paraphrase or
summarize (repeat) what the author has said, but to make an argument about how
they make their point, or how they have said what they have said.
Language: includes the way an author phrases his
or her sentences, the key metaphors used (it’s up to you to explain how these
metaphors are used, why these metaphors are appropriate, effective,
ineffective, or ambiguous). Is the way a sentence is phrased particularly
revealing of the author’s meaning?
Practical Essay-writing Hints:
Title your paper and make the
title apt and enticing. It should hook the reader.
Be clear about whether you’re
writing about a book, an essay (non-fiction, short prose), a story (short
fiction), a poem, a novel (book-length fiction), an autobiography, a narrative
(as in Captivity Narratives) etc. Macbeth is a play comprised of Acts and Scenes.
Lord of the Flies is a (fiction) book divided into chapters. Oh
Brother Where Art Thou is a film divided into scenes.
Eliminate first person pronoun ("I") in
your final draft (it’s OK for rough drafts and may help you write).
If your paragraphs are more a
full page or more in length it is more than likely that they are too long. Probably you have too
many ideas "in the air" at once. Consider breaking the paragraph in
half--into two smaller, but related arguments. Your reader needs a break, needs
more structure in order to be able to follow your meaning.
If several of your paragraphs are exceedingly short (4-5 lines), it is likely that you are
not developing your ideas thoroughly enough--that you are writing notes rather
than analysis. Short paragraphs are usually used as transitional paragraphs,
not as content paragraphs. (Short paragraphs can be used in the rhetorical
devise of reversal where you lead your reader down a certain path (to show them
one side of the argument, the one you are going to oppose) and then turn away
from that argument to state the true argument of your paper.)
Employ quotation often. One quotation per argumentative paragraph
is usually necessary. Depending upon the length and complexity of the passage
or topic you're dealing with, more quotations may be useful to prevent you from
getting too far away from the text. Your quotations combined with your
interpretations are your proof. Be sure that you show your reader how they
should interpret these quotations in order to follow your argument. (Almost
every quotation should be followed by an interpretation, a deeper reading of
what is being said and how it’s being said. This interpretation demonstrates
how the quotation supports the claim you're making about it). Pay attention to
metaphor, phrasing, tone, alliteration, etc. How is the author saying what they
are saying--what does that teach us about the text?
Remember to write directive (sometimes called
"topic") sentences for your paragraphs. The first sentence of any
paragraph should give your reader an idea of what the paragraph is going to say
and how the paragraph will connect to the larger argument. It should have more
to do with what you have to say about the materials than
what the author has said.
Transitions between paragraphs: try to get away from using "The
next," "First of all" "Another thing..." to connect
your paragraphs. This is the "list" method of structuring a
paper--not an integrated, logical approach. A really strong transition makes
the logical connection between paragraphs or sections of a paper and gives the
reader a sense that you’re building an argument. To make sure you are making a
well-connected argument, ask yourself how the last sentence of each paragraph
and the first sentence of the next are connected. Each of the sentences within
your paragraphs should be related somehow (follow from, refer to, etc.) the one
that precedes it, and the one which follows it. This will help the reader
follow the flow of your ideas. The order of your paragraphs should reveal a
developing argument.
On the most basic level, you should be able to consciously
justify the presence and placement of every word in every sentence, every
sentence in every paragraph, and every paragraph in every essay. To repeat:
in revising your papers after the first draft (which is always, inevitably to
some degree confused because you are involved in the process of working your
ideas out), you should be highly conscious of what you are doing and exactly why
you are doing it.